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Cardiology is the science of managing diseases or conditions that affect the heart, valves or its blood supply. When people talk about cardiology, they are usually referring to cardiologists who are specialists in this field. Cardiologists can also refer to interventional cardiologists - doctors who perform cardiac catheterization and other procedures through small incisions in the skin (usually less than 1 inch). Cardiovascular diseases can be found in any age group, but they predominantly take place in individuals aged 40 years and older. There are many factors involved in the development of cardiovascular disease. Some of them can be life style choices such as smoking, poor diet and lack of exercise. Others include genetic factors and other environmental elements that we have little control over. One of the most main risk factors is to have a family history of cardiovascular disease, especially if it happens at a young age. Other risk factors include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol levels and obesity. Many medications can also increase the risk for developing cardiovascular disease such as steroids or cancer medications. Smoking is one of the biggest threats to your heart health because it triggers processes that accelerate hardening of your arteries which increases your chances to suffer from atherosclerosis or a stroke later on in life. Another important factor is stress. Although it can be positive in our life, constant stress, either from work or family issues, can increase blood pressure and may raise the risk of heart attack. How healthy our diet is will depend on how well we eat and sleep, but also on our level of physical activity. Lifestyle changes such as adding exercise to your routine and eating healthier can help prevent cardiovascular diseases. The most common form of cardiovascular disease is coronary artery disease (CAD), and has become the leading cause of death in Canada and United States. CAD occurs when plaque builds up inside your arteries and reduces the amount of blood that passes through them to your heart muscle where it’s needed most. The plaque buildup can be both atheromatous or fibrous, but both are equally harmful to your health. Another type of cardiovascular disease that is found in about 20% of the population is called valvular heart disease. This happens when there are abnormalities in the heart valves, which forces the heart to overwork itself. Hypertension or high blood pressure is another major factor involving cardiovascular disease. When blood vessels are narrow, they have a harder time pumping blood throughout the body causing the heart to work at a higher rate and strain more. Normal resting blood pressure should be between 90/50 and 120/80 mmHg. People with hypertension have higher than normal blood pressure levels, usually between 140/90 and 180/110 mmHg. Hypertension is the main risk factor for heart disease, but it is closely linked with other health conditions such as diabetes, stroke, kidney disease and even dementia. Diabetes is another major cause of cardiovascular disease. While this condition was once thought to be limited to adults with type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent), researchers now believe that diabetes can happen at any age. The signs of diabetes include increased thirst, increased urination, increased hunger and increased weight gain. eccc085e13
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